Showing posts with label First Editions. Show all posts
Showing posts with label First Editions. Show all posts

Monday, January 28, 2013

Happy Birthday, Pride and Prejudice

by Stephen J. Gertz


 Prejudice is the child of ignorance.
- William Hazlitt

We all decry prejudice, yet are all prejudiced.
- Herbert Spencer

It was pride that changed angels into devils...
- Saint Augustine

Pride, the never-failing vice of fools.
- Alexander Pope

I think Charley Pride has been one of the best things to happen to country music...
- Loretta Lynn.


Pride and prejudice are eternal but while pride made the list of deadly sins, prejudice, curiously, did not. It wasn't, evidently, considered a lethal enough transgression in the ancient world; you will look in vain for references to "prejudice" in ancient writings. It was not considered a fault worthy of comment. But Jane Austen thought differently, prejudice as harmful a social trespass as pride.

2013 is the bicentennial of Pride and Prejudice, Austen's second novel. It has, along with each of her other five novels, become a classic, and has sold some twenty-million copies since its initial publication on this day, January 28, in 1813. It is the rarest of all Austen novels to find complete in its first edition within a contemporary binding. Regency-era binders routinely removed the half titles; copies with all half titles present are scarce: Sadleir, Keynes, and Chapman's copies lacked them, and the half-titles are missing in the copies at the Bodleian and Cambridge University libraries. 

Half-title.

"The first draft of PP, under the title of First Impressions… (printed as False Impressions by Lord Braybourne)…was written between October 1796 and August 1797" (Gilson p. 23). Austen made significant revisions to the manuscript for First Impressions between 1811 and 1812. She later renamed the story Pride and Prejudice. In renaming the the novel, Austen probably had in mind the "sufferings and oppositions" summarized in the final chapter of Fanny Burney's Cecilia, called "Pride and Prejudice," where the phrase appears three times in block capitals. It is possible that the novel's original title was altered to avoid confusion with other works. In the years between the completion of First Impressions and its revision into Pride and Prejudice, two other works had been published under that name: a novel by Margaret Holford and a comedy by Horace Smith.

"It was not fully revised until 1812, and the author records on January 29, 1813, that she has successfully 'lop't and crop't' the book" (Keynes). Both Gilson and Keynes suggest that only 1500 copies of the first edition were printed. The book was published at 18 shillings in three volumes on  January 28th in 1813. Austen sold the copyright to Thomas Egerton, publisher of her first three novels, for £110, not anticipating that it would become an instant hit (if not a fully critical success), the first edition selling out very rapidly with a second edition issued in the same year.


I recently had an attractive and complete first edition copy of Pride and Prejudice pass through my hands. Though I cannot be certain, I strongly suspect that the "Charlton" gilt ownership stamp to its contemporary binding is that of Charleton House, Montrose, the home of feminist writer and philanthropist Susan Scott Carnegie (1744-1821) from her marriage in 1769 until her death in 1821.

Jane Austen is  one of the few authors whose entire oeuvre has attained classic status as masterpieces of ironic social satire streaked with proto-Feminism that have only increased in popularity since their publication.

Of Austen, Virginia Woolf wrote, "a mistress of much deeper emotion than appears upon the surface...[possessing an] impeccable sense of human values" (in The Common Reader, Hogarth Press, pp. 102, 104).

Jane, wherever you are, make a wish and blow out the candles on the cake without prejudice. This is your day; enjoy it with pride.
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[AUSTEN, Jane]. Pride and Prejudice: A Novel. In Three Volumes. By the Author of Sense and Sensibility. London: Printed for T. Egerton, Military Library, Whitehall,  1813.

First edition, following all points in Gilson and Keynes, and complete with all half titles present. Three twelvemo volumes (6 5/8 x 3 7/8 in; 168 x 97 mm). [iv], 307, [1, blank]; [iv],  239, [1, blank]; [iv, [323, [1, blank] pp.

Contemporary speckled calf, blind-tooled board edges, edges sprinkled red, original light brown endpapers. Expertly rebacked with the original spines laid down. Later green morocco gilt lettering labels on spines. Gilt stamped "Charleton" to upper boards of each volume.  Edges to a few leaves professionally and near invisibly repaired. Occasional light foxing. An excellent and complete copy in its original and contemporary binding.

Gilson A3. Keynes 3. Sadleir 62b.
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All images courtesy of David Brass Rare Books, currently offering this copy, with our thanks.
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Wednesday, January 5, 2011

The Best of All Possible Candides

Seventeen editions issued in the same year: Who's the first, what's  the second, I don't know's the third?

by Stephen J. Gertz

True first edition [Geneva: Cramer], 1759.

In 1759 a novel was published that by the end of that year had seen sixteen other editions in French issued. Eight of that total of seventeen French editions were issued with title pages lacking location, publisher, or true author. Of those eight, four collated to 299 pages. Of those four, which is the true first edition?

The novel was Candide, Voltaire's masterpiece of philosophical satire, puncturing Leibnitz's lamely optimistic dicta that ours is "the best of all possible worlds" so deeply as to give Leibnez the fits, and skewering the Church with such outrageous dialogue as, "let us eat a Jesuit." Government was lampooned, as well.

As a result, the book was condemned on March 2, 1759 by the Grand Council of Geneva. The administration of Paris banned it as well. Both ordered the book's destruction.

Perhaps understanding that the novel would cause an uproar, Voltaire used a pseudonym - not that anyone was fooled. To make sure the book would be seen, he had the book simultaneously published in five European nations no later than January 15, 1759. The four editions containing 299 pages possess identical title pages. Untying the gordian bibliographical knot has been an exasperatingly complex chore but it has been done.

The 1759 edition printed by Cramer in Geneva containing 299-pages has been firmly identified as the true first edition with the following issue points: misprint "que ce ce fut" on p. 103, line 4 (corrected in later editions to "que ce fut"); incorrect adjective "precisement" on p. 125, line 4 (corrected in later editions to "precipitamment");  Voltaire's revisions on p. 31,  an unnecessary paragraph break eliminated; and p. 41,  several short sentences regarding the Lisbon earthquake  rewritten; does not contain the paragraph critical of contemporary German poets, which Voltaire decided to omit while the book was being printed.

Curiously, though this is the first printed edition from early January 1759, produced with Voltaire's direct involvement, it was not the first edition offered for sale: it was held back by Voltaire until February 1759.

Only ten copies of the Cramer edition have survived.

"Candide, and his equally guileless if more worldly-wise mentor, Dr. Pangloss, and their delicious adventures, still command our attention. The folly of philosophic and religious optimism is displayed with a vigour and wit that carries the reader away. Irony without exaggeration, a perfect restraint in its admirable humour, a gift for the 'throw-away line' ...; all these show Voltaire's style and originality at their incomparable best" (Printing and the Mind of Man).

It may be fairly said that Voltaire did to optimism what Sade, later in the eighteenth century, did  to virtue; the novel could easily have been subtitled, The Misfortunes of Optimism; Candide, like Sade's Justine, is brutally savaged by reality. The book's sharp sarcasm, mordant wit, and pungent irony is mirrored in the traditional Jewish interpretation of optimism: "Today will be better than yesterday and definitely better than tomorrow."

"Il existe de Candide huit editions differentes, publiées en 1759 sans nom de ville ni d'imprimeur, toutes tirées dans le même format, et ayant toutes un titre identique. De ces huit editions, celle-ci est la première" (Bengesco, B.N.F., En Français dans le texte).

Be that as it may, to definitively sort out the issue, we  consulted the esteemed and illustrious bibliographers, William Abbott and Louis Costello, who hereby present their findings:



That clears it up.
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[VOLTAIRE, François Marie Arouet]. Candide ou L'optimisme. Traduit de l'allemand de Mr. le docteur Ralph. N.p. [Geneva]: n.p. [Cramer], 1759. Twelvemo. [2, blank], 299 pp. With points as noted above.

Barber 299G. Bengesco 1434. Morize 59a. Wade 1.  PMM 204.
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Title page image courtesy of Camille Sourget Livres Anciens, with our thanks.
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